Kamis, 28 Juli 2011

biologi b.inggris

Terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia ke Inggris

Developments in science, especially natural sciences (IPA) has changed the history of human life. The development grew rapidly after the discovery that computers can assist people in designing and analyzing research results. In the world of medicine has found a variety of surgical techniques, organ transplantation, genetic therapy, IVF, as well as medicines cure various diseases. That's all thanks to the development of IPA. Natural science is the study of natural phenomena and wanted to understand nature as it is.
1. Karkteristik Biology as a science (Science)Science developed because human nature is curious. Developing science does not have to begin from scratch, but could be from the research of others in accordance with the characteristics of the origin of science itself. Biology section of the science that has the same characteristics as any other science. The characteristics of natural sciences including biology (SCIENCE / IPA), namely:
The object of study in the form of concrete objects can be captured and the sensesDeveloped based on empirical experience (real experience) has a systematic measures that are standard
Using a logical way of thinking, which means that deductive thinking by drawing conclusions from things that are specific to the applicable general provisions. Deductive means of thinking by drawing conclusions from things that are common to specific provisions.The result is objective or what it is, protected from the interests of actors (subjective) results in the form of laws that apply generally, wherever enacted
2. The scope of biologicalBased on the structure of knowledge according to the BSCS (Biological Science Curricullum Study, Mayer 1980) that the scope of biology including biological objects in the form of kingdoms (Plantae, Animalia, protists, fungi, archebacteria, Eubacteria). Judging from the molecular level (viral) - cells (protozoa, bacteria and plants unisel) - networking (Porifera & Coelenterata) - organ (liver, kidney, etc.) - the organ systems (circulatory system, transport systems, etc.) - individual (human) - population (a collection of the same individual in the same area) - community (a collection of some of the population) - ecosystem (a collection of some communities) - biosphere (ecosystems bebrapa collection). The issues examined include nine basic themes, namely:
1. Biology (science) as the proceedings2. The history of biological concepts3. Evolution4. Diversity and uniformity5. Genetics and survival6. Organisms and the environment7. Behavior8. Structure and function9. Regulation
In line with developments in science, biological objects are also growing.
3. Impact study the biologyThe role of biology in the life of a negative impact and positive impact. The positive impacts or benefits are (1) People are aware of life and living in the environment, (2) Made of superior seeds which are environmentally friendly, (3) the utilization of microorganisms in all fields. While the negative impacts: (1) Exploit the SDA in vain, (2) The use of improved seed and pesticides that will impact the excessive biodeversitas, (3) The use of a deadly biological weapons, which would damage the biotic and abiotic environment. Therefore, biological advances so rapidly must be balanced with faith and piety, so that more optimal utilization and minimize any negative impact.
4. Scientific methodBiology is the branch of science that studies the problems of living things, and to learn through this process and the scientific attitude as a consequence of biology. By using the process and the scientific attitude will acquire scientific products. In the study of science consists of three components, namely:
Scientific attitudeAttitude is a must-have for true and honest obbyektif when collecting and analyzing data.
Scientific processIs the complex skills used in doing scientific work. Scientific process can be done with the process skills approach can be classified into two namely:
1) basic science process skills, including:a. ObservedLooking for a picture or information about the research object through the senses. In biological observations are often made in the form of images (eg pictures of the world etc.), charts (eg, chart the life cycle of butterflies), tables (eg tables of population growth of a region), graphics (eg charts the relationship between tables sprout growth), and writing .
b. ClassifyTo facilitate in identifying a problem
c. InterpretGiving meaning something phenomena / events based on other events.
d. Practicing / forecastEstimating the incidence based on previous events as well as applicable laws. Forecasts can be divided into two kinds of forecasts intrapolasi ie forecasts based on data that has occurred; both forecasts are forecasts based on logical extrapolation beyond the data that occurred.
e. Ask questionsBe a question of how, because this question requires an answer obtained by the process.
2) integrated science process skills, which consist of:a. Identify the variablesb. Prepare a data tablec. Constructing the graphd. Describe the relationship between variablese. Data acquisition and data processingf. Menganalisia investigationg. Formulate a hypothesish. Defining variables operationallyi. Conducting experimentsj. Inferens
3) systematic step in the process of scholarly / scientific method include:
Formulate the problemThere are three ways to formulate the problem as follows:a. Is the independent variables affect the dependent variable experimental object?b. How pengeruh independent variables on the dependent variable object of the experiment?c. Is there a relationship between the independent variables with the variable bound objects experiments?
Develop a framework of thinking / Collecting informationThe framework sought to think through literature or empirical fact (observation).
Formulate a hypothesisHypothesis is a conjecture which is a temporary answer to the problem before it proved. There are two kinds of hypotheses in the experiment are:a. Null hypothesis (H0): no pengnaruh of independent variables on the dependent variableb. Alternative hypothesis (H1): there is the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable
Conducting experimentsTo support or disprove the hypothesis that needs to be proven through experimentation. In conducting the experiment through the stages as follows:a. Standard of treatmentb. Control of other factorsc. Repeatd. Measurement
Analysis of dataCan use statistical data analysis or descriptive.
DeduceThere are two possibilities in the conclusion of the hypothesis is accepted (according to provisional estimates experiments) or rejected (provisional estimates do not correspond with the experiment).
PublicationThe results published to kalayak through research journals, seminars or via the Internet.
   
    
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© 2007 BIOLOGY Complete! | Created by Mr. Tohib | High School Biology Teacher N 2 Mranggen Demak
Home | SiteMap | RSS FeedSix Kingdom Classification System (According to Woese 1977)
Initially the experts only classify living things into two kingdoms, namely the plant kingdom and animal kingdom. Basic scientists classify living things into two kingdoms:
The fact that the group of plant cells have cell walls composed of cellulose.Plants have chlorophyll so that they can make their own food through photosynthesis process and can not move, and animals do not have cell walls and animals do not produce their own food, and generally able to migrate.
But there are plants that can not produce their own food, ie mushrooms (fungi). Means, different plants with the fungus then the taxonomist then classify living things into three groups, namely Plantae (plants), Fungi (mushrooms), and Animalia (animals).
After the experts know the structure of the cell (cell structure) for sure, living things are grouped into four kingdoms, the prokaryotic, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, this grouping based on the presence or absence of cell nucleus membrane. Cells that have a membrane called the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, cells that have no prokaryotic cell membrane called the nucleus.
In 1969, Robert H. Whittaker classify living things into five kingdoms, namely Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. These groupings are based on cell structure, way of living to meet their food, and levels of living.
But the system was later modified by dipecahnya monera kingdom into kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Explanation System Six Kingdom Classification of Living Things:
Kingdom EubacteriaThe creatures live in the Kingdom Eubacteria be living single cell (unicellular). Living things are included in the kingdom Eubacteria have prokaryotic cells (cells that do not have a capsule simple as its outer layer and inside the cell wall). Eubacteria also known as bacteria.
Kingdom ArchaebacteriaIn 1977 a microbiologist named Carl Woese and other researchers from the University of Illinois found a group of bacteria that have unique characteristics and distinct from other members of the kingdom Monera. The group is called Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria living closer to eukaryotes than other bacteria that are prokraiot. That led to the creation of six kingdom classification system dividing kingdoms Archaebacteria from other members of the kingdom Monera kemudaian called Eubacteria. But until now recognized as a standard classification system is the Five Kingdom system invented by Whittaker.
Living things in the Kingdom Archaebacteria not much different from those in Kingdom Eubacteria because they used to be a Kingdom. However Archaebacteria are generally resistant in more extreme environments.
Kingdom ProtistaLiving things are included in the kingdom Protista has eukaryotic cells. Protists have a body composed of a single cell or multiple cells but not differentiated. Protists generally have properties between animals and plants. The group is composed of plant-like protists (algae), protists resembling fungi, and animal-like protists (Protozoa, protos: first, ZOA: animals). Protozoa have a classification system based on the tool motion, namely Flagellata / Mastigophora (feather whip, eg Euglena, Volvox, Noctiluca, Trypanosoma, and Trichomonas), Cilliata / Infusiora (hair shakes, Paramaecium example), Rhizopoda / Sarcodina (artificial leg, eg Amoeba) and Sporozoa (do not have the tool motion, Plasmodium example).
Kingdom Fungi (Mushrooms)Fungi have a eukaryotic cell. Fungi can not produce their own food. Do you eat are heterotrophs, which absorb organic substances from the environment so that their lives are parasitic and saprophyte. This group consists of all fungi, except the slime molds (Myxomycota) and water molds (Oomycota). Some group classes include:a. class Myxomycetes (mushrooms lendes) policephalius Physarum his example.b. class Phycomycetes (algal fungi) examples of his tempeh fungus (Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor mue)
Kingdom Plantae (Plants)Vegetation consists of moss plants (Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta), open-seed plants (gymnosperms), and seed plants closed (Angiospermae).
Kingdom Animalia (Animals)Animals have a eukaryotic cell. His body is composed of many cells that have differentiated to form a network. Animals can not make their own food so it is heterotrophic. This group consists of all animals, ie animals invertebrates (invertebrate / invertebrate) and vertebrates (vertebrates).6 Kingdom Classification System
In 2004, a scientist, Thomas Cavalier-Smith classify living things into k Kingdom as well, but by separating the Eukaryota from protists are autotrophs into the new Kingdom, the Chromista.6 Kingdom Classification according to Cavalier-Smith, namely:1). Bacteria2). Protozoa3). Chromista4). Fungi5). Plantae6). Animalia
Although Indonesia is now trying to adapt the classification Domain, but the classification according to the provisions of the last (newest) is the classification of Cavalier-Smith.
Here's a link on my English-speaking Classification Blog Take it from Mrs. Lilit Suryati. (Http://lilitsuryati.blogspot.com)
Click here!

   
    
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© 2007 BIOLOGY Complete! | Created by Mr. Tohib | High School Biology Teacher N 2 Mranggen Demak
Home | SiteMap | RSS Feed2. Consider the following plant names!1). Pea beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)2). Long beans (Vigna sinensis)3). Pete china (Leucaena glauca)4). Green beans (Phaseolus radiatus)5). Pea (Pisum sativum)Of the five pairs tubuhan Which taxon is the lowest the same?A. 1 and 2B. 1 and 4C. 2 and 3D. 2 and 5E. 4 and 5
3. In addition there are harmful bacteria such as food rot and cause disease, but also many types of beneficial bacteria such as groups used for the manufacture of Methanocaterium sp ....A. biogas from manureB. yogurt from cow's milkC. Swiss cheese from sour milkD. nata de coco from coconut juiceE. PST from sawdust
9. In the river flow is slow, the water will be very fertile for the growth of algae and other nuisance plants, a condition called eutrophication. This event is caused by ...A. excess CO2 and SO2 results from the weathering of organic wasteB. decomposers shortage that will rot garbage disposalC. deposits of inorganic material result of the decomposition of organic waste and pollutantsD. organic waste which can not decomposed by microorganismsE. oil waste waters surface layer of ground cover and kill microbes
10. Organelles in the cytoplasm of smooth lines that abut the membrane system and closely related to the transportation system on protein synthesis is ....A. ribosomeB. endoplasmic reticulumC. plasmadesmataD. Golgi bodiesE. lysosomes
17. In chest breathing, inspiration occurs when ....A. muscle between the ribs contract, thus decreasing the rib, the chest cavity decreases, the air outB. muscle contraction of the chest cavity bulkhead, bulkhead horizontal position, the chest cavity enlarges, the inlet airC. muscle contraction between the ribs, rib cage lifted, the chest cavity enlarges, the inlet airD. relaxation of the muscles between the ribs, rib cage lifted, the chest cavity enlarges, the inlet airE. muscle relaxation of the chest cavity bulkhead, bulkhead position mencembung, chest cavity enlarges, the air out.
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